redMaPPer clusters with ident. substructure

This provides a refined membership catalog and a classification of each cluster as containing substructure or not. We then cross-matched this sample with the eROSITA X-ray morphology catalog to correlate optical substructure with a comprehensive set of X-ray morphological parameters. Finally, we analyzed the scaling relation between X-ray luminosity and optical richness for clusters with and without substructure.

Substructure is a common feature, present in approximately 40% of clusters; a quarter of the full sample exhibits a fractional contribution to richness in excess of 35%. We find a highly significant correlation between optical substructure and disturbed X-ray morphologies, a trend that is strongest for high-mass clusters. The clusters with substructure also drive a stronger redshift evolution in the scatter of the Lx-{lambda} relation.

At low redshifts (z<0.2), they display a systematically higher X-ray luminosity at fixed richness compared to relaxed systems. We demonstrate that substructure identification with redMaPPer is viable and essential for enhancing the precision of cluster cosmology. We attribute the enhanced effect of mergers on X-ray properties at low redshifts to the increased density contrast of low-redshift cool cores and longer substructure survival times, which are possibly due to the suppression of disruptive mixing by effects such as magnetic draping.

At lower cluster richness, a discordance between X-ray morphology and the merging state indicates a growing relative importance of active galactic nucleus feedback in governing X-ray morphology.