<p>Robustness test and instrumental variable test.</p>

Using nationally representative data from the 2022 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study constructs multidimensional indices of digital literacy and employment quality. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions, robustness checks, and moderation models are employed to examine the relationships between these variables and the underlying mechanisms.

The findings suggest that digital literacy is significantly associated with employment quality. This relationship is positively moderated by return expectations and negatively moderated by human capital, indicating a stronger association among low-skilled workers with high return expectations. Regional heterogeneity reveals the most significant associations in western China and urban agglomerations—attributable to higher marginal returns on digital skills in underdeveloped regions and denser digital economies in clustered zones.