Supplementary file 1_Comparative effects of six exercise modalities on global cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.docx

Compared with control group (CG), AE [SMD = 0.47, 95% CI (0.18, 0.77)], MBE [SMD = 0.79, 95% CI (0.46, 1.11)], RT [SMD = 1.50, 95% CI (0.77, 2.23)], MCE [SMD = 0.83, 95% CI (0.26, 1.40)], and FTr [SMD = 0.83, 95% CI (0.13, 1.53)] improved global cognition, whereas FT showed no clear effect [SMD = -0.20, 95% CI (−1.27,0.87)]. RT ranked first, followed by MCE, FTr, MBE, AE, and FT. Heterogeneity was substantial (τ² = 0.23; I² = 80%), although no statistically significant global incoherence was detected.

RT remained first after the exclusion of AD, PD, or MCI studies. Studies lasting more than 12 weeks, delivered 3–5 times per week, and using sessions of 31–60 min showed favorable pooled effects, but subgroup interaction tests and meta-regression were not significant. Certainty of evidence ranged from low to very low.</p>Conclusion<p>AE, MBE, RT, MCE, and FTr may improve global cognition in people with AD, PD, or MCI.

RT showed the largest effect estimate and the most favorable ranking. However, substantial heterogeneity and sparse evidence for several modalities limit firm conclusions. Exercise selection should be individualized, and dose-related findings require confirmation in adequately powered comparative trials.</p>