Table 1_From movement to mood regulation: exercise-based digital interventions using mobile health and ecological momentary assessment for mental health and cognitive function in older adults: a narrative review.docx

The potential benefits of these technological interventions on mental and cognitive outcomes may operate via dynamic behavioral and neurophysiological feedback processes. The evidence generally suggests that elevated levels of physical activity correlate positively with enhanced mood, reductions in depressive symptoms, and improved cognitive functioning, whereas sedentary behaviors and fatigue are associated with detrimental affective outcomes.

Significantly, studies employing EMA elucidate considerable intra-individual variability, indicating that alterations in motivation, self-efficacy, stress, fatigue, and social context may influence behavioral engagement and emotional reactivity over time. Ecological momentary interventions and just-in-time adaptive interventions further suggest that customized exercise prompts delivered within real-world environments may support increases in physical activity engagement, reductions in sedentary behavior, and improvements in selected cognitive outcomes, potentially through the context-sensitive reinforcement of self-regulation, neuroplasticity, and adaptive stress-response mechanisms.

Collectively, these investigations provide emerging evidence supporting the potential role of exercise-oriented digital interventions as a bio-digital framework for promoting mental and cognitive well-being in aging populations via real-time monitoring and adaptive behavioral assistance.</p>