Supplementary file 1_Language attitudes and ethnic or cultural identity among ethnic minority university students in China: a systematic bilingual knowledge synthesis.docx

Methods

Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Direct evidence showed a recurring association between language evaluation and ethnic or cultural identity, while direction, common magnitude, and causal ordering remain unresolved. Contextual evidence showed that heritage-language attachment can coexist with the instrumental value of Putonghua and English and identified opportunities for use and recognition as plausible explanations for variation in practice.

The focal conclusion remained supported when it was based only on the six studies classified as direct evidence; contextual findings were not counted as confirmation. The review identifies a shortage of direct tests and limited comparability across constructs, designs, reports, and evidence roles as the main barriers to cumulative knowledge.</p>