Fast and green methodology based on miniaturised liquid–liquid extraction with a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent of opium alkaloids from poppy seed beverages

Therefore, the search for solvents to extract analytes of interest from complex matrices has progressed considerably in recent years. In the present work, 15 hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (HNADES) consisting of a mixture of different donors and acceptors in different ratios have been prepared and compared to evaluate the most efficient extraction of opium alkaloids (OA) from fortified water samples.

After selecting the most effective one consisting in a mixture of thymol and camphor in the ratio 1:1 ([Thy]:[Cam] 1:1), a rapid analytical methodology to determine OA in poppy seed beverages was optimised and validated for the first time. It was based on a miniaturised liquid–liquid extraction (m-LLE) with 0.5 mL of sample and 0.5 mL of HNADES by vortexing for 1 min, followed by 1 min centrifugation and subsequent analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD).