Supporting Data for Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitutions in Healthy Population and Syndrome Patterns in Chronic Heart Failure: Implications for Healthy Status, Disease Severity and Therapeutic Response

Constitution and syndrome are two key elements in assessing human health, both potentially related to the common core concept of Qi Deficiency. Heart failure (HF), as the end-stage of many cardiovascular diseases, has a long course and clearly defined syndrome evolution, making it an ideal disease model for testing this proposition.

However, previous studies defining Qi Deficiency populations have largely relied on subjective scales, lacked systematic validation with objective signals, and provided little large-sample evidence to clarify whether HF syndrome patterns can be regulated through treatment and how they evolve dynamically. This study addresses the theoretical proposition of whether Qi Deficiency is a core imbalance spanning the health–disease continuum.</p>