Data Sheet 1_A pragmatic workflow for integrating large language models into toxicological risk assessment.pdf

At the same time, the case study highlights important limitations for LLMs. Observed variability in LLM outputs reflects inherent model stochastic behavior, model limitations, and the intrinsic complexity of TRA, where different experts may reasonably reach distinct, yet scientifically defensible conclusions based on the available evidence. The observations from the case study, interpreted in the context of the available literature, are used to inform a hypothesis that LLMs may be most effectively integrated into TRA through structured, modular, human-supervised workflows.

This hypothesis reflects the view that the suitability of LLM-assisted TRA depends not only on LLM capabilities, but also on how LLMs are integrated into the assessment process to address both LLM variability and the interpretive nature of TRA. The proposed pragmatic workflow separates data search, information extraction, and integrated summarization while maintaining human-in-the-loop control over interpretation, expert judgment, and final conclusions.</p>