<p>Results of the illustrative simulation study.</p>

The time courses of the primary and secondary stimuli, as well as the behavioral readout window are shown as inset plots. The receptive fields of neurons 1, 7, and 10, which are influenced by the stimuli, are shown as 2-by-2 matrices. <b>B)</b> Sample simulated trials with the primary stimulus on (left) and off (right).

Rows (top to bottom) show the latent AR process (red), spiking activity (black), and resulting two-photon calcium traces (black). The shaded area show the primary stimulus interval. Red circles overlaid on the calcium traces in the bottom panel indicate spikes from the middle panel. <b>C)</b> The ground truth Granger sensori-behavioral functional taxonomy of the network in panel <b>A. D)</b> Sample trial showing estimated and ground-truth signals for a sample neuron (left).