Supplementary file 1_Electrothermal coupling modeling of air-conditioning-building systems and aggregated direct load control dispatch tracking for office parks.docx

Objective<p>To propose an electrothermal coupling modeling and hierarchical coordinated optimization framework for the systematic integration of aggregated direct load control demand response of office park air-conditioning loads.</p>Methods<p>A unit-level electrothermal coupling model is first established, incorporating building envelope thermal storage effects and dynamic air-conditioning energy efficiency characteristics to capture the full cascading relationship from electrical power input through heating output to indoor temperature variation; a two-stage parameter identification procedure based on operational data is provided for model calibration.

A office park-level aggregated model is then constructed via hierarchical clustering and capacity-weighted parameter equivalence, reducing optimization dimensionality while limiting aggregation accuracy loss to below 8%. On this basis, a hierarchical coordinated optimization framework is designed, integrating upper-level multi-objective dispatch optimization with lower-level model predictive control to coordinate grid command tracking with occupant comfort assurance.</p>Results<p>Simulation validation on a 15-building, 120,000 m2 office park demonstrates that the proposed method achieves a dispatch tracking normalized root mean square error of 3.4%-a 52.8% reduction relative to a simplified model baseline and an 86.2% reduction relative to an uncoordinated baseline-while reducing the temperature comfort violation duration ratio to 2.1%, a 67% improvement over the simplified model approach.