The DoGA Consortium Atlas of Canine Enhancers and Promoters Across Tissues and Development

Existing resources have improved annotation but largely infer regulatory activity from chromatin features rather than directly mapping transcription initiation at promoters and enhancers. Here, we address this gap using 114 CAGE-seq libraries spanning 56 tissues and developmental stages from 9 dogs.

We identify 68,446 promoters and 46,661 active enhancers, and define their tissue-enriched activity across the canine body. Among comprehensive enhancer and promoter sets, 9,787 are classified as robust enhancers and 27,341 as robust promoters, thus indicating a subset with high confidence. Our results and data resources will facilitate additional future community efforts for gene discovery in disease, morphology, and behavior and improve the suitability of the dog as a model organism for human physiology and human diseases.