Chinese Hominoid Personality Questionnaire(Rhinopithecus roxellana)

The macaque version of the HPQ was used, with behavioral descriptors absent in golden snub-nosed monkeys replaced with functionally equivalent behaviors. For example, in the item “Fearful”, grimacing and running away were replaced with crouching and retreat: “FEARFUL: Subject reacts excessively to real or imagined threats by displaying behaviors such as screaming, crouching, retreat, or other signs of anxiety or distress”.All items were translated into Chinese with reference to the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory by a back-translation procedure.

Each item was rated on a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating that “the trait is entirely absent or negligible” and 7 indicating that “the trait is highly characteristic of the individual”. Raters were instructed to omit scoring for individuals with whom they lacked adequate familiarity and to avoid discussing their evaluations with others during the rating process.