Supplementary file 1_Migraine and the risk of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.docx

Publication bias was evaluated via funnel plots, Egger’s test, and trim-and-fill analysis.</p>Results<p>Nineteen studies involving 3,625,071 participants were incorporated. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between migraine and glaucoma risk (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.20–1.37), with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 46.2%). Subgroup analyses indicated stronger associations in studies from America, clinic-based settings, those using self-reported migraine diagnosis and those with higher female participant proportions (≥60%).

Egger’s test suggested potential publication bias. Following trim-and-fill adjustment (imputing eight potentially missing studies), the pooled estimate remained significant though slightly attenuated (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.13–1.34).</p>Conclusion<p>This meta-analysis suggests migraine is associated with a significantly increased risk of glaucoma. While the association persisted directionally after adjusting for potential publication bias, its magnitude varied by data source, diagnostic method, and population characteristics.

Further high-quality prospective studies employing standardized criteria are needed to elucidate causality and underlying mechanisms.</p>Systematic review registration<p>crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261367870, CRD420261367870.</p>