Hierarchical N/S co-doped porous fibrous carbon embedded with Fe3O4 derived from polypyrrole modified lignosulphonate-bacterial cellulose for high performance supercapacitors

A green and cost-effective method is reported for the fabrication of a hierarchical porous carbon composite from bacterial cellulose (BC), lignosulfonic acid (LS), and polypyrrole (PPy). LS serves as both an anchoring agent and a soft molecular template, directing the oxidative polymerization and uniform deposition of PPy onto the BC nanofibers in the presence of FeCl₃ as the oxidizing agent.

Subsequent carbonization under a nitrogen atmosphere results in the formation of an N/S co-doped carbon framework decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which is denoted C-BCLP. For comparison, a control composite consisting of BC and PPy without LS was carbonized to produce C-BCP. X-ray diffraction patterns confirms the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the preservation of the fibrous carbon structure.