6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonate Exposure Disrupts the Gut-Liver Axis and Induces Inflammatory-Dominant Hepatotoxicity via Bile Acid-Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling

However, the mechanisms underlying its chronic hepatotoxicity remain incompletely understood, particularly with respect to the gut-liver axis and bile acid homeostasis. To address this knowledge gap, mice were exposed to 6:2 Cl-PFESA via drinking water for 26 weeks, resulting in estimated daily doses of approximately 0.72 and 7.78 μg/kg body weight.

Toxicological evaluation revealed that prolonged 6:2 Cl-PFESA exposure induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction, accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis, colonic inflammation, and elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the colon and liver. Mechanistic analysis indicated that long-term 6:2 Cl-PFESA exposure suppressed hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling, thereby disrupting bile acid homeostasis, inducing gut microbiota dysbiosis, and enhancing lipopolysaccharide translocation, ultimately aggravating liver injury.