.Straw-based compostcultivation disproportionally contributes to the environmental persistence of antibioticresistance from raw cattle manure to organic vegetables

Here, we chose Agaricus bisporus as a model vegetable to examine such migration and characterized the resistome in 112 metagenomes covering samples from raw manure, composting substrates, rhizosphere, and surfaces of mushrooms. A total of 1864 resistance genes, representing 113 unique mechanisms of resistance, were identifed.

Monensin treatment on beef specifcally enriched fecal resistance genes within Moraxellaceae, but this effect did not persist in downstream mushrooms. Interestingly, we found that resistance genes were signifcantly more enriched on mushroom surfaces when cultivated with corn-based compost compared to rice and wheat, likely a result of the disproportional propagation of Pseudomonadaceae and varied ability of lateral gene transfer.