<p>Differential cytokine protein profile and pathway enrichment in early-stage RCC tissues.</p>

Differential expression was determined using limma-based linear modeling with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction (FDR < 0.05). Each column represents one tissue sample, and each row represents one cytokine.

The annotation bar above the heatmap indicates sample group classification (normal, para-cancerous, or tumor). Relative cytokine abundance is represented by color intensity, with red indicating higher expression and green indicating lower expression relative to the normalized signal intensity scale. Clustering analysis was performed using Euclidean distance and average linkage. <b>(B)</b> KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the 34 differentially expressed cytokines identified by antibody array profiling.