Supplementary file 1_The mosquito gut microbiome and Plasmodium development: a scoping review of molecular approaches and implications for malaria vector control.docx

The increasing prevalence of insecticide-resistant Anopheles vectors and drug-resistant Plasmodium strains has substantially eroded the efficacy of conventional control strategies, underscoring the critical need for innovative approaches. Accumulating evidence suggest that the mosquito midgut microbiome exerts a significant influence on Plasmodium sporogonic development; however, no scoping investigation has fully mapped the metagenomic evidence base in this field.</p>Methods<p>Adhering to the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for publications from January 2000 to April 2026.

Studies that used microbiological, molecular, or metagenomic techniques to study the gut microbiota of mosquito species related to Plasmodium were included. Descriptive mapping was used to synthesize the data in a thematic manner.</p>Results<p>Thirteen primary studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising both observational field surveys and experimental infection studies. Four themes emerged: (1) gut microbiota diversity and composition are associated with Plasmodium infection status, though the direction varies by mosquito species, geography, and season; (2) several taxa, including Burkholderia, Asaia, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, and Serratia, are consistently associated with reduced infection or are experimentally inhibitory; (3) the Enterobacteriaceae and Serratia spp. show context-dependent, bidirectional relationships with Plasmodium that are best explained by strain-level variation; and (4) a smaller set of taxa, including Elizabethkingia, Chryseobacterium, Methylobacterium, and Pantoea, is positively associated with infection, on observational evidence only.