Basic Physical Properties of Soil in Forests of Different Ages

SBD, soil bulk density; SIWC, soil initial water content; SCP, soil capillary porosity; STP, soil total porosity; SSHC, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity; SCWHC, soil capillary water holding capacity; SSWHC, soil saturated water holding capacity; SOM, soil organic matter; TP, total phosphorus; TN, total nitrogen; EC, electrical conductivity; pH, pH value.

Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different stand ages within the same soil layer (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different soil layers within the same stand age (P < 0.05). Each bar represents the mean of three replicates collected from the same sampling site and soil layer. Error bars show the standard error of the mean (SE) calculated from these three replicates.