<p>Relationship between weighted cough frequency and TB status, stratified by enrollment location.</p>

The central line within each box represents the median; the lower and upper edges of the box correspond to the 25^th (Q1) and 75^th (Q3) percentiles, respectively; and whiskers extend to the smallest and largest values. Panel c shows weighted receiver operating characteristic curves for cough frequency as a predictor of TB in both community (green, AUC = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57–0.80) and health facility settings (orange, AUC = 0.77, 95% CI:0.62–0.89).

Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. Reference points indicate target product profiles for TB screening tests: the 2014 WHO target product profile (90% sensitivity, 70% specificity); the 2025 Type 2 minimal benchmark (90% sensitivity, 60% specificity); the 2025 Type 2 optimal benchmark (95% sensitivity, 85% specificity); the 2025 Type 3 minimal benchmark (60% sensitivity, 98% specificity); and the 2025 Type 3 optimal benchmark (70% sensitivity, 98% specificity).</p>