Data Sheet 1_Optimizing biogas slurry and biochar co-application to enhance soil microenvironment, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and increase tomato yield in greenhouse systems.docx

Key influencing factors and optimal management strategies were identified using multivariate statistical analysis and a multi-criteria decision approach. The results indicated that biogas slurry combined with biochar significantly improved the soil microenvironment in greenhouse tomato systems by enhancing soil temperature (ST), soil moisture content (SMC), and water-filled pore space (WFPS), especially during the flowering stage in both spring-summer and autumn-winter periods.

Biochar also significantly increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC), while microbial gene copy numbers, including AOA, AOB, and mcrA, showed clear seasonal variation. Regarding greenhouse gas emissions, co-application of biogas slurry and biochar significantly affected CO₂ fluxes, particularly from days 8–119, promoting CO₂ emissions. Biochar effectively suppressed N₂O emissions, promoted CH₄ emissions during days 1–7, and reduced CH₄ fluxes from days 8–119.

The BS75 + C treatment significantly increased tomato yield to 151.34 t ha⁻¹, reduced global warming potential to 9491.43 kg ha⁻¹, and lowered greenhouse gas emission intensity. Compared with other treatments, BS75 + C consistently showed superior agronomic and environmental performance. Comprehensive analysis showed that ST, SMC, and MBC mainly influenced CO₂ emissions; ST, AOA, and AOB influenced N₂O emissions; and mcrA, WFPS, and ST influenced CH₄ emissions.

Multi-criteria decision analysis identified BS75 + C as the optimal strategy for maximizing yield while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and improving biogas slurry utilization efficiency in sustainable greenhouse agriculture.</p>