Age determination and climate change events in ODP Hole 164-1017E

The proxies include bulk-sediment major and minor elements, organic carbon and carbonate concentrations, d15N, and planktonic foraminiferal species assemblage and carbon isotope determinations.

The collective results demonstrate that marine productivity in this area was not simply linearly related to cold and warm cycles except during the millennial-scale climate oscillations of marine isotope stage (MIS) 3. During that interval, the upwelling cell and resulting high productivity were active during warm interstadial events and were largely inactive during cool stadial events. However, the Last Glacial Maximum was also relatively productive.