A new track for antibacterial treatment: Progress and challenges of using cytomembrane-based vesicles to combat bacteria

Therefore, novel alternative antimicrobial therapies are urgently needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by antibiotic resistance. The development of biomimetic-based therapy is expected to provide innovative means for addressing this challenging task.

As a kind of novel biomaterial, cytomembrane-based vesicles (MVs) continue to receive considerable attention in antimicrobial therapy owing to their inherent biocompatibility, design flexibility, and remarkable ability to interact with biological molecules or the surrounding environment. These remarkable cell-like properties and their inherent interaction with pathogens, toxins, and the immune system underlie MVs-based functional protein therapy and targeted delivery to develop advanced therapeutic strategies against bacterial infection.