Data from: Occasional males in parthenogenetic populations of Asobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): low Wolbachia titer or incomplete co-adaptation?

Thirty-three percent of the Wolbachia infected females produced males and 56% of these males were also infected with Wolbachia. Neither offspring sex ratio nor male infection frequency were significantly affected by rearing temperature or Wolbachia concentration of the mother. The mitochondrial DNA sequence of one of the uninfected populations was identical to that of two of the infected populations.

Therefore, the initial Wolbachia infection of A. japonica must have occurred recently. Mitochondrial sequence variation among infected populations suggests that the spread of Wolbachia through the host populations involved horizontal transmission. We conclude that the occasional male production by Wolbachia infected females is most likely a maladaptive side-effect of incomplete co-evolution between symbiont and host in this relatively young infection.