A unified classification-quantification framework bubble-like nuclei within the extended quantum molecular dynamics model

Asystematic study of relaxed low-energy cluster configurations for all nuclides listedin the AME2020 database is performed within the extended quantum molecular dynamics (EQMD) framework, with frictional cooling enabling stable relaxation. A unified classification quantification framework based on the dimensionless parameters BHTU is established to characterize bubble like nuclear morphologies. B categorizes nuclei into droplet (B = 0), bubble (B = 1), and toroidal bubble (B = 2).

The parameter H defines the degree of central density depletion, while T and U characterize the relative surface thickness and the unit-scale relative size of the internal low-density region, respectively.