<p>Observation likelihoods for the go process.</p>

To fit this model to the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study baseline cohort (N = 3,567), we introduce Transformer-encoded Simulation-Based Inference (TeSBI). This end-to-end architecture learns compact, sequence-aware embeddings from raw behavioral data. It enables efficient, amortized inference of individual-level posteriors.

Extensive validation confirms it extracts reliable and identifiable parameters. We identify distinct latent computational attributes associated with scores on ADHD questionnaires. Controlling for sex, IQ, and medication status, children with higher ADHD scores exhibit subtle but robust shifts in computational attributes.

They show a reduction in go cue directional precision, alongside a blunted sensitivity to stop error, go error and time costs. The learned embedding space reveals a continuous manifold in which children with higher ADHD scores are heterogeneously distributed, rather than forming distinct disorder clusters. This indicates that similar clinical characteristics can emerge from diverse combinations of computational mechanisms, supporting a dimensional perspective on neurodiversity.

Our end-to-end framework can be extended to a broader range of cognitive tasks. It offers a scalable, theory-driven solution for analyzing large-scale behavioral data.</p></div>