Supplementary file 1_Tensor decomposition reveals discrete cortical reorganization under graded propofol anesthesia.docx

PARAFAC tensor decomposition of high-dimensional whole-brain bicoherence identified two robust, intrinsically decoupled nonlinear components with distinct spatial-spectral profiles. Model comparison demonstrated that frontal slow-wave self-coupling (Component 1) undergoes a discrete, stepwise state-space reconfiguration during loss of consciousness, whereas posterior alpha coupling (Component 2) exhibits a smooth, continuous decay with propofol titration.

Phase-space kinetic trajectories confirmed a highly directed transition at unconsciousness onset, followed by confined local oscillations during deep anesthesia.</p>Conclusion<p>This multi-dimensional decomposition framework captures discrete versus continuous neural dynamics, providing objective, state-sensitive biomarkers for precisely monitoring anesthesia depth and cortical state transitions.</p>