<p>R functions and packages.</p>

Our results suggest that climate change alone may not drive the spread of leishmaniasis within this century. Pathogen hazard and reservoir abundance affected leishmaniasis risk more than vector hazard in countries where data were available. Biodiversity was weakly, negatively related to leishmaniasis.</p> <p>Significance</p><p>Our results highlight the importance of socioeconomic risk factors and immunosuppression for human leishmaniasis, suggesting potential implications for disease control and prevention policies.

Surveillance of <i>Leishmania</i> spp. in humans, vectors, and reservoirs; assessment of reservoir abundance; and data accessibility are crucial for disease prevention and preparedness. Because of possible biodiversity regulation, efforts to understand and control leishmaniasis could benefit from a One Health approach that involves epidemiologists, social scientists, and ecologists, among others.</p></div>