<p>Environmental and simulation parameters.</p>

The overall effect of autoattractants therefore depends crucially on the balance between production and efficient removal — whether through cellular uptake, enzymatic breakdown, or inherent chemical instability. Optimal lifetimes exist, determined by cell speed and autoattractant diffusion, yet remarkably independent of cell density and primary attractant concentration. Autoattractants whose removal is governed by inherent instability rather than direct cellular breakdown coordinate migration less efficiently, but work more robustly across different environments.

In the absence of cell-mediated breakdown, the model further reveals a characteristic optimal cell–cell distance: too little communication leaves cells uncoordinated, while excessive signalling drives them into slow-moving aggregates. Strikingly, the conditions that produce the most efficient chemotaxis lie close to those that trigger aggregation, suggesting that many autoattractant systems operate near a critical boundary that can be tuned by evolution either to disperse cells or to bring them together.</p></div>