the ecological environment quality of ecological land-covers in the low-mountainous and hilly area of central Shandong Province

In this study, a constructed remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI), which was based on the monthly dataset from the growing seasons (2013-2023), was used to assess forest-dominated land-cover types, Secondly, and statistically analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of RSEI and its ecological response mechanisms by integrating key ecological factors, including biomass and vegetation coverage, Finally, and completed the spatial gradient analysis of both RSEI and biomass based on different levels of the digital elevation models (DEM).