Interplanetary Shock Observation Dataset with Sun–PSP/SolO–Earth Propagation Links from 2021 to 2024

On this basis, the corresponding driving CME for each shock is traced using the SOHO LASCO CME Catalog and Richardson near-Earth ICME Catalog. Key CME parameters are extracted, including onset time, heliographic coordinates, angular width, acceleration, and initial velocity. Only CME events with definitive heliographic locations and velocity measurements are kept for subsequent analysis.To establish the three-segment propagation chain, temporal matching is performed between the initial event pool, the PSP shock list, and the SERPENTINE shock catalog.

A strict chronological order is required:tCME​<t(PSP/SolO)​<tL1​​. Further filtering is implemented with two velocity criteria: the average speed of the Sun-to-PSP/SolO segment ⟨V1​⟩>250 km/s, and ⟨V1​⟩ must exceed the average speed of the PSP/SolO-to-L1 segment ⟨V2​⟩. Events satisfying both criteria are confirmed as shocks originating from a single CME that propagate sequentially past PSP/SolO and subsequently toward Earth, converting the single Sun-to-Earth propagation path into a complete three-segment Sun–PSP/SolO–Earth pathway.

Flare information is cross-compared using the PHTX dataset from the SOHO/LASCO archive and flare positional records from Space Weather Live. Ambient solar wind speed and flare energy injection duration are acquired from the CDAweb repository. Precise heliocentric coordinates of PSP and Solar Orbiter at shock arrival moments are calculated from ephemeris SPICE kernels obtained via the PSP Science Gateway and official ESA SPICE resources, respectively.After systematic multi-source data fusion, cross-calibration and supplementary parameter collation, a standardized catalog of 29 interplanetary shock events is finalized.

It fully records the complete propagation process from solar eruptions, through in-situ measurements by PSP and Solar Orbiter in the inner heliosphere, to shock arrival at the L1 Lagrange point near Earth.The dataset spans the time interval from November 7, 2018, to September 28, 2024, with spatial coverage extending from the solar surface, the orbital paths of PSP and Solar Orbiter (SolO), to near-Earth space at 1 astronomical unit (1 AU).

All events are presented as discrete entries. Each record contains the propagation distance and arrival timestamp for each of the three propagation segments, the initial CME velocity Vc​, ambient solar wind speed Vsw​, energy injection durations Tau (in hours) and Tau1 (in minutes), angular width halfaw_c, initial observed altitude of the shock, the source location of the corresponding CME, as well as the solar disk projected position of the PSP/SolO spacecraft upon shock detection.

All physical quantities comply with international standard units: velocity is measured in km/s, timestamps follow UTC time, altitude is given in solar radii (Rs​), and acceleration is in km/s2.Missing values are concentrated in the energy injection duration columns. Owing to missing observational records, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of soft X-ray flux cannot be calculated for certain events, resulting in blank entries in the Tau1 column for these cases.

A fixed value of 1 hour is assigned to the Tau column for practical input. Main error sources include subjective judgment of CME eruption onset times, identification bias in shock arrival timestamps, geometric errors in spacecraft orbital calculations, and uncertainties caused by averaging propagation speeds. The overall error level satisfies the demands for statistical analysis of interplanetary shocks and numerical model evaluation.The dataset is saved in standard spreadsheet format.

Raw observational data are decoded using the NASA CDF software and the SPICE toolkit, both of which are available for free official download. As a high-quality event catalog verified via multi-source cross-checking, this dataset is suitable for shock propagation modeling, inner heliospheric space weather analysis, and research on the physical correlation between CMEs and interplanetary shocks..