Table 1_Small millets in India: a review of nutritional security, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods.docx

After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 150 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The evidence indicates that small millets are rich sources of dietary fibre, quality protein, essential minerals, vitamins and bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids, contributing to nutritional security and reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases. Their tolerance to drought, heat stress, poor soil fertility and low-input production systems makes them highly suitable for climate-smart and sustainable agriculture.

Beyond their agronomic and nutritional advantages, small millets support the livelihoods of tribal and marginal farming communities, strengthen indigenous knowledge systems and enhance household food security. The review further highlights the significant role of women in millet cultivation, processing, value addition and marketing, as well as the contributions of self-help groups and farmer organizations to rural development and income generation.

Advances in processing technologies, product diversification, entrepreneurship and export opportunities have enhanced the economic potential of the millet sector. National and international initiatives, including the International Year of Millets 2023, millet missions, nutrition-sensitive programmes and institutional interventions, have further accelerated millet promotion. However, challenges such as low productivity, inadequate processing infrastructure, weak market linkages, limited consumer awareness and policy implementation gaps continue to constrain wider adoption.

Addressing these challenges through increased research, value chain strengthening, gender-inclusive interventions, market expansion and supportive policy frameworks will be essential for integrating small millets into sustainable food systems and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals related to food and nutritional security, climate resilience, environmental sustainability and inclusive rural livelihoods.</p>