Effect of genetic and environmental factors on protein biomarkers for common non-communicable disease and use of personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP)

Materials and methods : Proximity extension assays were used to measure 145 proteins in 632 controls and 344 cases with non-communicable diseases. Results : Genetic and lifestyle factors explained 20–88% of the variation in healthy controls.

Adjusting for these factors reduced the number of candidate biomarkers by 63%. Conclusion : PNPPP efficiently controls for non-disease-related variance, allowing both for efficient discovery of novel biomarkers and for covariate-independent linear cut-offs suitable for clinical use.