RAISE WP4 survey: Awareness of inequalities and their attribution to racism and xenophobia (2025)

The study contained: Experiment 1: Perceptions of inequalities between the national majority group and minority groups across ethnicity, religion, and migration status, in the labour and housing markets and in policing; Experiment 2: Justifications for the existing inequalities, including individual, institutional, and structural discrimination, as well as non-discrimination-related explanations; Experiment 3 (WP7): Solidarity with the lower social classes, with and without migration background; Additional demographic, socio-economic, and attitudinal variables.

Surveyed countries: Belgium, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey Sample size: ~2,000 respondents per country (total N = 12,004; age range 18–70)