magnetically active stars FIP bias sample

Methods

We compiled FIP bias and other parameters for 59 stars for which coronal composition is available, now including evolved stars. Using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis, we searched for correlations with other astrophysical parameters within the sample which may influence the stellar FIP bias. Adding stars to the Teff-FIP bias diagram unveiled new features in its structure.

In addition to the previously known relationship, there appears to be a second branch, a parallel sequence about 0.5 dex above it. While the Teff remains the main determinant of the FIP bias, other parameters such as stellar activity indicators also have influence. We find three clusters in the FIP bias determinant parameter space.

One distinct group is formed by the evolved stars. Two groups contain main sequence stars in continuation separated roughly by the sign change of the FIP-bias value. The new branch of the Teff-FIP bias diagram contains stars with higher activity level, in terms of X-ray flux and rotational velocity.

The Rossby number also seems to be important, indicating possible dependence on the type of dynamo operating in these stars influencing their FIP bias. The two main sequence clusters run from the earliest spectral types of A-F with shallow convection zones through G-K-early M stars with gradually deeper convection zones, and end up with the fully convective M dwarf stars, depicting the change of the dynamo type with the internal differences of the main sequence stars in connection with the FIP-bias values.