Geodesic acoustic modes in tokamak plasmas with anisotropic distribution and a radial equilibrium electric field

Both frequencies and damping rates increase with respect to the poloidal Mach number which indicates the strength of the radial electric field. The strength of anisotropy is denoted by the ratio of the parallel temperature (T) to the perpendicular temperature (T^).

It is shown that, when the parallel temperature is lower than the perpendicular temperature, the enhanced anisotropy tends to enlarge the real frequency but reduces the damping rate, and when the parallel temperature is higher than the perpendicular temperature, the effect is opposite. The radial equilibrium electric field has stronger effect on the frequency and damping rate for the case with higher parallel temperature than the case with higher perpendicular temperature.