<p>Sample profile.</p>

Yet little research has investigated this claim regarding the most marginalised individuals within these populations, many of whom experience myriad intersectional vulnerabilities. This paper examines and compares whether household CBS (in the form of portable flush toilets, PFTs) and shared sanitation users in a South African informal settlement are able to realise their Human Right to Sanitation (HRtS).

Thirteen residents of BM Section, Cape Town, were purposively selected to understand how sanitation service types, age, gender, (dis)ability, income and personal shocks shape experiences. Data was collected using Photovoice and analysed using Winkler’s interpretation of the normative contents of the HRtS and Crenshaw’s theory of intersectionality. In this context, the adoption of household CBS and its ability to function as a private, dignified, safe (hygienic and physical) form of sanitation depends on users’ capacity to adapt it to overcome the technology’s limitations.