Supplementary file 1_Confronting policy gaps between antimicrobial resistance and climate change across LMIC animal production systems.docx

Findings were complemented by 12 field- based community dialogues and site visits in the Philippines and 18 key informant interviews.</p>Results<p>Although regional patterns varied, most policies addressed AMR and climate change separately. Of 204 policies reviewed, 170 addressed the issues in isolation, 21 cross-referenced, and 13 showed early signs of integration; none met full integration. Even early integration was limited to specific activities and was not reflected across governance, financing, and monitoring.

Common gaps included the absence of shared objectives, coordinated institutional responsibilities, and surveillance systems that jointly track climate variables, disease patterns, antimicrobial use, and resistance. The Philippine case reflected similar challenges, particularly in the absence of cross-sectoral coordination and surveillance systems, subnational implementation, and sustained financing, with the aquaculture sector remaining underrepresented.</p>Discussion and policy implications<p>Integration of AMR control and climate adaptation in animal production systems remain largely conceptual across LMICs.

The One Health framework offers a practical institutional bridge, yet its environmental component remains underrepresented in policy and practice. Forthcoming revisions to National Action Plans on AMR, Nationally Determined Contributions, and National Adaptation Plans are timely entrypoints for aligning objectives, surveillance systems, and financing. Meaningful progress will require expanded One Health governance structures incorporating climate-AMR linkages, AMR projects within international climate finance mechanisms, and genuine engagement of local governments, communities, and private sector.</p>