Fabrication of Z-Scheme CuPc/TiO2 heterojunctions with oriented charge transport channels for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is an important technique used to study the crystal structure of materials.In this study, all the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm) to obtain information on the crystal structure.Solid-state UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) measures the light absorption performance and bandgap width of catalysts.

In this study, the TU-1901 instrument model was utilized for these measurements.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was employed to analyze the different characteristic functional groups, molecular structures, and chemical compositions of the samples. The FTIR-650G infrared spectrometer was used in this research.Photoluminescence spectroscopy test (PL) to analyze the complexation process of photogenerated carriers.