Climate Monthly Data Collection of Surface Climate Data (1981-2010)

Data sourced from the China Meteorological Data Service Centre (data.cma.cn/en/), specifically the “Climate Monthly Data Collection of Surface Climate Data (1981-2010)”, encompassing a total of 379 meteorological stations (Fig.1). Focusing on monthly-scale data helps capture seasonal trends and long-term variations in soil temperature. Each station records monthly average air temperature, the 40 cm soil temperature where plant roots are primarily distributed, and 11 environmental variables, which include: annual average air temperature (Tair), distance from sea (DFS), land cover (LC), relative humidity (RHU), wind speed (WIN), sunshine duration (SSD), precipitation (PRE), soil moisture deficit (SMD), longitude (Lon), latitude (Lat) and altitude (Alt).