<p>Data.</p>

KYNA significantly reduced behavioral symptoms, systemic inflammatory mediators, epithelial damage, and inflammatory infiltration, with systemic effects comparable to desloratadine but greater improvement in nasal scratching and splenic histopathology. KYNA restored nasal AhR and CYP1A1 expression and increased IL-10 and TGF-β, whereas CH223191 partially attenuated these effects, indicating involvement of AhR signaling.

Desloratadine showed limited effects on local regulatory cytokines. Histopathological analysis confirmed improved nasal and splenic architecture following KYNA treatment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p><p>In conclusion, KYNA attenuates experimental AR through systemic anti-inflammatory effects and restoration of mucosal immune regulation. AhR signaling contributes to these effects, particularly in CYP1A1 and cytokine regulation, while additional mechanisms may also be involved.

These findings support KYNA as a potential immunometabolic modulator in allergic airway disease.</p></div>