Supplementary file 1_A systematic review and meta-analysis of phospholipids in human milk.docx

They are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and play crucial roles in cell signal transduction and infant intellectual development.</p>Methods<p>This study quantitatively pooled concentrations of total phospholipids and their subclasses in human milk, and narratively summarized phospholipid subclass proportions across different countries. Relevant studies published up to October 2025 were searched from six databases.

After systematic search, a total of 25 studies were finally included, among which 18 studies on phospholipid concentrations were subjected to meta-analysis.</p>Results<p>Results from the random-effects model showed that the total phospholipid concentration was 251.60 mg/L (175.62, 327.58) in colostrum, 234.71 mg/L (171.07, 298.35) in transitional milk, 197.00 mg/L (166.08, 227.93) in mature milk. Throughout lactation, PC, SM, and PE are the major phospholipid classes in human milk.