Sustainable management of citrus canker pathogenesis using Panchagavya and Jeevamrut: exploiting the fermented organic biofertilizers in plant protection

The highest quantities of plant defense-related metabolites, including total phenol (5.49 mg/g dry weight), flavonoid (1.52 mg/g dry weight), alkaloid (3.58%), tannin (1.06 mg/g dry weight), saponin (1.08 mg/g dry weight), terpenoid (20.01 mg/g dry weight), and vitamin C (43.09 mg/g dry weight), were detected in plants subjected to combined administration of Panchagavya and Jeevamrut. LC-MS analysis followed by in silico molecular docking have revealed the presence of rhamnetin, a flavonoid with potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting agricultural benefits.

Similarly, defence-related enzyme concentrations were highest for peroxidase (3.41 Abs/min/g), followed by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (2.49 µg of transcinnamic acid/min/g), polyphenol oxidase (1.68 Abs/min/g), and β 1,3 glucanase (0.80 µg of glucose/min/g) in plants treated with combined applications of Panchagavya and Jeevamrut during field evaluation. The investigation indicates that eco-friendly organic formulations may replace toxic chemicals and pesticides in managing canker pathogenesis in citrus trees, supporting cli mate smart citrus cultivation