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Table · dataset · 2025

r-band light curves of 22 lensed QSOs

Listed in IVOA Registry (Virtual Observatory)

We present new time delays, the main ingredient of time delay cosmography, for 22 lensed quasars resulting from high-cadence r-band monitoring on the 2.6m ESO VLT Survey Telescope and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 2.2m telescope.

Description

Each lensed quasar was typically monitored for one to four seasons, often shared between the two telescopes to mitigate the interruptions forced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample of targets consists of 19 quadruply and 3 doubly imaged quasars, which received a total of 1918 hours on-sky time split in 21581 wide-field frames, each of 320 seconds.

In a given field, the 5-{sigma} depth of the combined exposures typically reaches the 27th magnitude, while that of single visits is 24.5mag - similar to the expected depth of the upcoming Vera-Rubin LSST. The fluxes of the different lensed images of the targets were reliably de-blended, providing not only light curves with photometric precision down to the photon noise limit, but also high resolution models of the targets whose features and astrometry were systematically confirmed in Hubble Space Telescope imaging.

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This was made possible thanks to a new photometric pipeline, lightcurver, and the forward modelling method STARRED. Finally, the time delays between pairs of curves and their uncertainties were estimated taking into account the degeneracy due to microlensing, and for the first time the full covariance matrices of the delay pairs are provided. Of note, this survey, with 13 square degrees, has applications beyond that of time delays, such as the study of the structure function of the multiple high-redshift quasars present in the footprint at a new high both in terms of depth and frequency.

The reduced images will be available through the European Southern Observatory Science Portal.

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Astronomical sciences 73% · Image 65% · Imaging 75%
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