Axisymmetric Tornado Simulations at High Reynolds Number

In this part, axisymmetric simulations with constant viscosity are used to explore the relationships between vortex structure, intensity, and unsteadiness as functions of diffusion (measured by a Reynolds number Re-r) and rotation (measured by a swirl ratio S-r). A deep upper-level damping zone is used to prevent upper-level disturbances from affecting the low-level vortex.

The damping zone is most effective when it overlaps with the specified convective forcing, causing a reduction to the effective convective velocity scale W-e. With this damping in place, the tornado-vortex boundary layer shows no sign of unsteadiness for a wide range of parameters, suggesting that turbulence in the tornado boundary layer is inherently a three-dimensional phenomenon. For high Re-r, the most intense vortices have maximum mean tangential winds well in excess of W-e, and maximum mean vertical velocity exceeds 3 times W-e.