Supplementary file 1_Policy cognition, perceived stress, coping dimensions, and adolescent health behaviors under physical education examination reform: a cross-sectional SEM study.docx

Sensitivity analyses adjusted first for sex and rural–urban background and then for PE talent status, school PE lessons, extracurricular physical activity, family exercise frequency, and parental encouragement.</p>Results<p>A correlated three-factor coping model fitted substantially better than a one-factor model. In the fully adjusted model involving 1,198 participants, perceived stress was negatively associated with physical activity (β = −0.246), dietary habits (β = −0.167), weekday sleep duration (β = −0.167), screen-time health score (β = −0.183), and overall routine regularity (β = −0.164).

Task-oriented coping was positively associated with the five outcomes (β = 0.254, 0.174, 0.157, 0.222, and 0.192, respectively; all p < 0.001). Emotion-oriented coping was not independently associated with the outcomes, whereas avoidance-oriented coping was negatively associated with dietary habits (β = −0.213, p < 0.001). Direct associations between policy cognition and most health outcomes were attenuated after extended covariate adjustment.</p>Conclusions<p>Perceived stress and task-oriented coping were the most consistent cross-sectional correlates of the documented health-behavior outcomes.

The results are associational and do not establish temporal ordering, causal mediation, or intervention effectiveness.</p>