<p>Predictors of any AFP sample collection.</p>

Transport availability without delays was consistently associated with lower odds of surveillance failure across disease-specific models, including measles sample collection (aOR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.05–0.28) and case confirmation (aOR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02–0.21), diphtheria sample collection (aOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06–0.49) and confirmation (aOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.08–0.58), and CSM sample collection (aOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06–0.54) and confirmation (aOR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07–0.61).

Active guideline use was associated with AFP sample collection (aOR = 4.12, 95% CI: 1.72–9.87). Only 66.5% of respondents reported fully accurate submitted forms, and financial support was associated with lower odds of instability (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56–0.97). Strengthening transport, infrastructure, financing, and data quality systems may improve VPD surveillance performance and outbreak preparedness in similar settings.</p></div>