Wayfinding Stages: The Role of Familiarity, Gaze Events, and Visual Attention

Understanding the cognitive processes involved in wayfinding is crucial for both theoretical advances and practical applications in navigation systems development. This study explores how gaze behavior and visual attention contribute to our understanding of cognitive states during wayfinding. Based on the model proposed by Downs and Stea, which segments wayfinding into four distinct stages: self-localization, route planning, monitoring, and goal recognition, we conducted an outdoor wayfinding experiment with 56 participants.

Given the significant role of spatial familiarity in wayfinding behavior, each participant navigated six different routes in both familiar and unfamiliar environments, with their eye movements being recorded. We provide a detailed examination of participants’ gaze behavior and the actual objects of focus. Our findings reveal distinct gaze behavior patterns and visual attention, differentiating wayfinding stages while emphasizing the impact of spatial familiarity.

This examination of visual engagement during wayfinding explains adaptive cognitive processes, demonstrating how familiarity influences navigation strategies. The results enhance our theoretical understanding of wayfinding and offer practical insights for developing navigation aids capable of predicting different wayfinding stages. Data The data used in this paper is a CSV file (licensed under CC BY 4.0) that contains the following information: world_index: the scene video frame index fixation_duration: duration of the fixation x_fixation: corrected x coordinate of the fixation from the head movement impact y_fixation: corrected y coordinate of the fixation from the head movement impact synced_timestamp: timestamp of the event stage: the wayfinding stage according to Downs and Stea theory yolo_label: predicted label by Yolo segmentation_label: predicted label by Mask2Former semantic_label: the selected semantic label detected by MYFix duration: duration of the stage saccade_duration: duration of the corrected saccade saccade_length: length of the corrected saccade participant_id: anonymized id for the participants familiarity: spatial familiarity of the participants (binary) routeID: id of the routes