A CIGALE module for low-luminosity AGN

Notably, the previous X-ray module failed to provide AGN solutions for this sample, stressing the need for a novel approach. Comparisons with mid-luminosity AGN datasets confirm the module's robustness and applicability up to L_X<10^45^erg/s. We also expanded the X-ray-to-bolometric correction formula, making it applicable to AGN spanning ten orders of magnitude in luminosity, and revealing lower k_X_ values for LLAGN than typically assumed.

Additionally, our analysis of the alpha_ox_ index, which represents the slope between UV and X-ray emissions, uncovered trends that differ from those observed in high-luminosity AGN. Unlike quasars, where alpha_ox_ correlates with lambda_Edd_, LLAGN exhibit nearly constant or weakly correlated alpha_ox_ values, suggesting a shift in accretion physics and photon production mechanisms in low-luminosity regimes. These results underscore the importance of a multiwavelength approach in AGN studies and reveal distinct behaviors in LLAGN compared to quasars.

Our findings significantly advance our understanding of LLAGN and offer a comprehensive framework for future research to complete the AGN population census.