<p>Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in loiasis exposed individuals.</p>

Lower panel: comparison across three groups (NL = No sign of active loiasis, OL = Occult loiasis, ML = Microfilaremic loiasis). For each panel, Anti-S1-IgG concentrations <b>(a)</b>, Anti-NCP-IgG ratios <b>(b)</b>, Interferon-γ concentrations (c) are shown as individual values.

The box shows the median and interquartile range (IQR, 25th–75th percentile). Whiskers extend to the most extreme values not exceeding 1.5 × IQR from the first and third quartiles; outliers beyond these limits are plotted as individual points. Intergroup differences were assessed using non-parametric Wilcoxon-rank-sum test (upper panel) or Kruskal-Wallis with subsequent pairwise post hoc comparisons using false discovery rate (FDR) correction (lower panel) and adjusted for the confounders age and sex. <i>P</i>-values of intergroup comparisons are provided if p < 0.05.